Tuberculosis: How Does TB Affect Your Living?

Tuberculosis (TB) is a highly contagious bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, primarily affecting the lungs, but it can also spread to other parts of the body such as the brain, kidneys, and spine. TB is a global health concern, with millions of people affected each year. While TB can be treated with medication, it remains a serious condition with significant long-term effects on health, particularly when left untreated. This article explores how tuberculosis impacts daily living, the long-term effects on health, how it spreads, and what precautions should be taken to manage and prevent the disease.

Long-term health effects of TB

When left untreated or inadequately treated, tuberculosis can have severe long-term health consequences. Even after successful treatment, TB may leave permanent damage to the lungs and other organs.

1. Lung damage

TB primarily affects the lungs, and in advanced cases, it can cause scarring, fibrosis, and reduced lung function. This lung damage may lead to chronic respiratory issues such as shortness of breath and frequent respiratory infections, even after the TB bacteria have been eradicated.

2. Spread to other organs (Extrapulmonary TB)

Although TB typically affects the lungs, it can spread to other parts of the body in some cases. When TB spreads beyond the lungs, it can affect organs like the kidneys, liver, spine (causing a condition known as Pott's disease), and even the brain (leading to TB meningitis). These forms of TB often come with more severe complications and require more intensive treatment.

3. Drug-resistant TB

One of the most concerning long-term impacts of TB is the emergence of drug-resistant strains. If TB is not treated correctly with the full course of medication, the bacteria can become resistant to common antibiotics. Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) are much harder to treat and require longer, more complicated treatment regimens.

4. Impact on mental health

The long duration of TB treatment, stigma associated with the disease, and isolation from others can significantly affect mental well-being. Patients may experience anxiety, depression, and feelings of hopelessness, which can further impact their recovery process.

How TB spreads and precautions to take

TB is primarily an airborne disease, meaning it spreads when an infected person coughs, sneezes, talks, or sings, releasing tiny droplets that contain the TB bacteria. If someone inhales these droplets, they can become infected. TB is highly contagious, especially in crowded and poorly ventilated environments, which is why it's often prevalent in settings such as prisons, hospitals, and areas with high population density.

To prevent the spread of TB and protect others, it is important to follow these precautions.

1. Early detection and isolation

Individuals with active TB should seek treatment immediately and be isolated, especially during the initial phase of treatment when they are most contagious. TB patients should cover their mouth when coughing or sneezing to reduce the spread of infectious droplets.

2. Proper ventilation

Ensuring proper ventilation in living and working spaces is key to preventing the spread of TB bacteria. Fresh air disperses the bacteria, making it harder for others to inhale them.

3. Wearing a mask

People with active TB should wear a mask, especially in public places, to reduce the risk of spreading the bacteria to others.

4. Complete treatment regimen

To prevent the development of drug-resistant TB, patients must complete the full course of treatment, even if they start feeling better before the treatment is finished. Stopping treatment early can cause a relapse and contribute to the spread of drug-resistant strains.

5. Vaccination (BCG)

The Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is commonly given in many countries as a preventive measure against TB. While it is more effective in preventing severe forms of TB in children, it offers limited protection against pulmonary TB in adults. Vaccination is particularly important in countries where TB is endemic.

Lesser-known symptoms and signs of undiagnosed TB

While some symptoms of TB, such as a persistent cough and chest pain, are widely recognised, there are lesser-known signs that may indicate undiagnosed TB. Recognising these signs early can help in timely diagnosis and treatment.

1. Unexplained weight loss

Individuals with TB often experience significant and unexplained weight loss, even if they haven't changed their diet or activity levels.

2. Night sweats

Many people with TB experience night sweats that leave their clothes and bedding drenched. This symptom is often accompanied by fever and chills.

3. Persistent fatigue

Chronic tiredness and fatigue that does not improve with rest or sleep may be a sign of undiagnosed TB, especially if it is accompanied by other symptoms.

4. Coughing up blood (hemoptysis)

In more advanced cases, patients with TB may cough up blood, which can indicate severe lung damage.

5. Swollen lymph nodes

TB can cause lymph nodes in the neck or other areas to become swollen and tender, a condition known as scrofula. This is especially common in cases of extrapulmonary TB.

How TB can exacerbate underlying conditions

Tuberculosis can worsen the condition of individuals who already have underlying health problems, particularly those with weakened immune systems.

1. HIV/AIDS

People with HIV/AIDS are particularly vulnerable to developing TB because their immune systems are weakened. TB is one of the leading causes of death among HIV-positive individuals, as their bodies are less equipped to fight off infections.

2. Diabetes

People with diabetes have a higher risk of developing TB due to their weakened immune systems. Additionally, TB can make it harder for people with diabetes to control their blood sugar levels, creating a vicious cycle of poor health.

3. Chronic lung conditions

Individuals with chronic lung diseases such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may experience worsening symptoms if they contract TB, as the disease further compromises lung function.

Home precautions for health sustenance

For individuals with active TB or those at risk, maintaining a healthy lifestyle at home is critical for managing the condition and preventing further complications.

1. Good nutrition

A healthy diet rich in vitamins and minerals helps boost the immune system, making it easier for the body to fight off infections. Focus on nutrient-dense foods such as fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains.

2. Regular medical check-ups

Patients with TB should regularly visit their healthcare provider to monitor their progress and ensure that the treatment is working effectively. Early intervention is key to preventing complications.

3. Adequate rest

TB patients should prioritise rest and avoid strenuous activities to allow their bodies to heal. Managing stress is also essential to prevent further strain on the immune system.

4. Practice hygiene

Regular handwashing and cleanliness at home are important to prevent the spread of TB bacteria to others. TB patients should also keep their living areas clean and sanitised.

Tuberculosis is a serious disease that can have long-lasting effects on health and daily life, especially if it remains undiagnosed or untreated. Understanding the signs, taking precautions to prevent the spread, and following the recommended treatment regimen can help manage TB effectively. While TB can exacerbate existing conditions such as HIV or diabetes, individuals can take steps to support their health and minimise complications. By staying informed and vigilant, those affected by TB can lead a more manageable and healthier life.

Disclaimer: This content including advice provides generic information only. It is in no way a substitute for a qualified medical opinion. Always consult a specialist or your own doctor for more information. NDTV does not claim responsibility for this information.