Here's All You Need To Know About Clade 1 Variant Of Mpox

Mpox (previously known as monkeypox) has recently become a significant public health concern, with multiple outbreaks being reported globally. While the disease has been endemic in certain regions of Africa, the recent outbreaks have seen the virus spread to new areas, increasing global awareness. A particularly notable variant of the virus, known as Clade 1(or the Congo Basin variant), has garnered attention due to its higher severity and transmissibility compared to other clades. Understanding the Clade 1 variant is essential for both healthcare professionals and the general public in efforts to manage and mitigate its effects.

The Mpox virus and its variants

Mpox is a zoonotic virus, meaning it can be transmitted from animals to humans, with human-to-human transmission also possible. The virus belongs to the Poxviridae family and is closely related to the smallpox virus. Mpox manifests with flu-like symptoms and distinctive rashes or sores on the body.

There are two known genetic clades of the Mpox virus:

1. Clade 1 (Congo Basin)

Historically associated with more severe disease and higher fatality rates.

2. Clade 2 (West African)

Known for causing less severe disease and lower mortality rates compared to Clade 1.

The Clade 1 variant: Key characteristics

The Clade 1 variant of Mpox, primarily found in the Congo Basin region, is known to have a more severe impact compared to the West African clade. While both variants share similar symptoms and transmission methods, Clade 1 presents with higher morbidity and mortality rates. Here's a breakdown of the distinguishing features of the Clade 1 variant:

1. Higher severity of symptoms

Compared to the West African clade, the Clade 1 variant causes more severe symptoms, including:

a. More extensive skin lesions that can be painful and result in scarring.

b. High fevers, severe headaches, and swollen lymph nodes are common, lasting longer than seen in Clade 2 cases.

c. These include secondary infections, respiratory problems, and in some cases, encephalitis (inflammation of the brain).

2. Higher fatality rate

Clade 1 has been associated with a higher case fatality rate, reaching 10% or more in some outbreaks, compared to less than 1% for Clade 2. This makes Clade 1 a more dangerous variant, particularly in populations with limited access to healthcare or pre-existing health conditions.

3. Greater transmission rate

While both variants are transmitted through direct contact with infected individuals or contaminated materials (such as bedding), Clade 1 may exhibit higher human-to-human transmission potential. It is suspected that Clade 1 can spread more easily in close-knit communities, increasing the chances of outbreaks.

Symptoms of the Clade 1 Variant

The symptoms of Mpox caused by the Clade 1 variant are similar to those of other Mpox variants but tend to be more intense. Key symptoms include:

1. Fever is often the first sign, accompanied by chills, fatigue, and muscle aches.

2. Severe headaches and lower back pain are common with Clade 1 infections.

3. A rash develops a few days after the fever begins, often spreading from the face to other parts of the body, including the palms, soles, and genitals.

4. Lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes) distinguishes Mpox from other poxviruses and is especially prominent in Clade 1 cases.

Transmission of the Clade 1 variant

Mpox, including the Clade 1 variant, spreads through direct contact with infected individuals, animals, or contaminated objects. It can also spread through respiratory droplets during close, prolonged face-to-face contact. Key transmission routes include:

1. Animal-to-human transmission

Contact with infected animals such as rodents or non-human primates.

2. Human-to-human transmission

Close contact with an infected person's skin, body fluids, or respiratory droplets.

3. Fomite transmission

Handling contaminated objects like bedding or clothing.

The Clade 1 variant's higher transmission rate poses a significant challenge in controlling outbreaks, particularly in densely populated or resource-limited areas.

Preventive measures for the clade 1 variant

Preventing Mpox infection, especially with the Clade 1 variant, requires a combination of personal hygiene and public health strategies. Here are key preventive measures to consider:

1. Vaccination

Vaccination remains one of the most effective methods of preventing Mpox. Vaccines used for smallpox are also effective against Mpox due to the close relation between the two viruses. In regions with high Mpox transmission rates, vaccination campaigns targeting high-risk populations, such as healthcare workers and individuals exposed to infected animals, are crucial.

2. Safe animal handling

Since Mpox is a zoonotic virus, avoiding contact with wild animals, particularly in areas where the virus is endemic, is important. If you handle animals or animal products, make sure to wear protective gear and practice good hygiene.

3. Avoiding close contact with infected individuals

People showing symptoms of Mpox, especially rashes or lesions, should be isolated to prevent further spread. Caregivers and healthcare workers should use personal protective equipment (PPE) when interacting with infected patients.

4. Proper sanitation

Thorough cleaning and disinfection of surfaces and objects that may have come into contact with an infected person are essential. Ensure that bedding, clothing, and other materials are washed in hot water to kill the virus.

The Clade 1 variant of Mpox poses a more significant risk compared to its West African counterpart due to its higher severity, increased transmission potential, and greater fatality rate. By understanding the symptoms and transmission methods of the Clade 1 variant, individuals and public health officials can take preventive steps to manage and reduce the risk of infection.As outbreaks continue to occur, it's essential to stay informed and vigilant in preventing the spread of Mpox, particularly in regions where the Clade 1 variant is prevalent.

Disclaimer: This content including advice provides generic information only. It is in no way a substitute for a qualified medical opinion. Always consult a specialist or your own doctor for more information. NDTV does not claim responsibility for this information.