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A.
The chance of getting an infection from a barber shop is very, very low. I once calculated the odds and there was a very, very small chance of infection from a barber shop. Of course it makes since to ensure that only a new razor blade is used for each person.
In the context of your specific queries, the virus lives a very short while outside the body. As a general rough and ready guide you can assume, especially for a small amount of blood, that the virus is only viable for the time that the blood remains liquid. After drying out, the virus soon dies -- the time is not in days but in minutes.
Yes, a person can get infected from a cut or wound but only if viable virus enters his blood stream through the break in the skin.
Please always remember that while it is best to take all precautions, HIV is not very infectious and does not get transmitted by casual contact. Even when a non-infected man has unprotected intercourse with an infected woman, the chance of infection is 1% or less. This does not mean that you can afford to take any chances -- the low infectivity will be no consolation to a person who does get infected. Casual daily life exposure to infected persons can be assumed to be safe.
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